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1984-02-13
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EXTRA SENSORY PERCEPTION
by
Treegoods, Inc.
February 84
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 1984 by Treegoods, Inc., Box 814, Hockessin, DE
19707. All rights reserved. This document may be copied along with
the ESP program under conditions specified for the copying of that
program.
TREEGOODS, INC. PSI AND THE ESP COMPUTER PROGRAM
PSI AND THE ESP COMPUTER PROGRAM
People have always speculated about the "other" senses: e.g.
those beyond the common "sight", "hearing", "touch", etc. Are
there such senses, or are they a part of humankind's fantasy world
along with fairies and magic carpets?
Serious scientific investigation of parapsychology began in
Victorian times and led to the founding of The Society for
Psychical Research in London. Alas, things are not always what
they seem and this well intentioned start foundered on a lack of
controls. Mediums were found to be frauds and eyewitness reports,
even when made by careful observers, were too often in error.
In despair of finding a workable methodology for dealing with
"spontaneous" psychic phenomena, researchers retreated into the
laboratory and restricted their investigations to environments that
could in theory be controlled. Thus has grown up a protocol for
testing psi abilities.
The laboratory equipment usually consists of a deck of cards and
the subject is asked to perform tasks such as naming the top card
or reading the mind of a "sender" who is looking at a card. In a
clairvoyance experiment for example, the cards are shuffled and
dealt face down, one at a time. The subject is required to write
down the card without seeing its face. After the pack has been
dealt, the cards are turned up, compared with the subjects' notes
and the degree of clairvoyance assessed by statistical formulas
that indicate the frequency of chance "hits".
J.B. Rhine of Duke University found subjects who could produce
truly astonishing numbers of "hits" by such techniques. At first
he was rather casual in his protocol, but as time passed and as he
or his associates thought of objections to one technique or
another, he tightened up his protocol until the subject was even in
another building from the deck of cards. References to his
publications are given in the bibliography.
Since Rhine's publications began appearing, other investigators
have found subjects able to produce similar results, but by and
large the scientific community has not been too impressed. The
problem is much more difficult that it seems at first thought. No
one seriously disputes the results or impugns the integrity of
Rhine or most other serious investigators. The scientific
objections are on other grounds.
These objections are detailed at length in the literature and
they will not be dwelt on here, but to provide some feeling for the
difficulties, consider the usual psi test with a deck of 25 Zener
cards. These are ordinary sized cards consisting of 5 each of 5
different symbols: star, square, circle, cross, and 3 wavy lines.
Page 1
TREEGOODS, INC. PSI AND THE ESP COMPUTER PROGRAM
It is no great trick to remember a sequence of 25 cards. Some
people can do it naturally, but most people can be trained to it
with the use of mnemonics. If one can do this, one can also learn
to "shuffle" and cut the cards mentally. Of course a mental
shuffle will not necessarily agree with an actual shuffle, but the
results will be good enough to throw off the statistical
calculations and increase the number of hits to a significant
degree. In one series of 100 shuffles, the average number of hits
by such mental gymnastics was raised from the expected value of 5
to 8.6. The odds against this are quadrillions to one by the usual
statistical formulas.
This is only one way in which an ESP test can be "beaten". There
are many others depending on how the particular ESP test is
conducted. The ESP computer program avoids them all by generating
a sequence of symbols with a pseudo random number generator. It
can be shown that the series of symbols used in an ESP test is too
short for the sequence to be "broken" and thus even "lightning
calculators" will possess no advantage. Improper mixing of cards
by shuffling is avoided in this way as is any possibility of
"trickery" with physical objects such as cards.
The precognition test is completely foolproof. However, there is
some possibility for error in the telepathy and clairvoyance tests
because of the need for human intervention. For valid results in
the clairvoyance test the lower portion of the screen must be
completely masked off. With care in this, the test should be
secure. The telepathic test is open to question because the sender
and the receiver are physically present and thus able to signal one
another. Some people have extremely acute senses and others
possess great powers of observation. Conscious chicanery is thus
possible, as is the unconscious sensing of body language or
subvocalizations. It is important to remember that one does not
have to get all the answers right to succeed with an ESP test, one
only needs to increase the odds enough to upset the statistical
calculations. Running the ESP program from a remote terminal might
overcome these problems.
There are some fine points is assessing the statistical
significance of results that have confounded even good scientists
in the past. The ESP computer program deals with these and prints
out a clear statement of the odds. In most scientific endeavors,
odds of 19 to 1 are considered "significant" and any subject who
can consistently produce such odds using the ESP computer program
must be considered to possess psi abilities. Successful subjects
reported in the literature usually do considerably better than
this: odds exceeding a million to one are common.
Page 2
TREEGOODS, INC. REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Douglas, Alfred (1977) Extra-sensory powers. The Overlook Press,
Woodstock, NY.
Eysenck, H.J. (1958) Sense and Nonsense in Psychology. Penguin,
Baltimore, MD.
Hansel, C.E.M. (1980) ESP and parapsychology: a critical
reevaluation. Prometheus, Buffalo, NY.
Rhine, J.B. (1934) Extra-Sensory Perception. Bruce Humphries,
Boston.
Rhine, J.B. (1960) The reach of the mind. William Sloane
Associates, New York.
Schmeidler, Gertrude (ed) (1969) Extrasensory perception. Atherton
Press, New York.
JOURNALS
Journal of Parapsychology. Inst. of Parapsychology. Durham, NC.
Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research. Am. Soc. Psy.
Res. NY
SOCIETIES
American Society for Psychical Research. 5 West 73rd St., New York,
NY 10023. (212) 799 05050.
Institute of Parapsychology. PO Box 6847, Durham, NC 27708-6847.
(919) 688 8241.
Page 3
TREEGOODS, INC. ALGORITHMS
ALGORITHMS
The sequence of symbols is generated by a multiplicative
congruential random number generator
x[i+1] = Ax[i]mod P
where P=2E31-1 and A=7E5. The starting seed x[0] is obtained from
the least significant bits of the computer's clock.
An evaluation of the properties of this generator and others
appears in Fishman, G. S. and Moore, L. R. (1982) A statistical
evaluation of multiplicative congruential random number generators
with modulus 2E31-1. J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 77-377, pp129-136.
Odds are obtained from the binomial distribution by evaluating
the incomplete beta function using a partial fraction expansion.
Fifteen place accuracy is attained for odds less than 4.5E-15 to 1.
Page 4